Relationship between Theory and Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Relationship between Theory and Research - Essay Example Descriptive theories are the most common theories. They classify or describe characteristics or dimensions of an individual, group, situation, or event by summarizing similarities found in discrete observations. Descriptive theories mostly required when remarkably little about the phenomenon under discussion (Ellis and Yair, 2008). Descriptive theory described into two categories, that is, classification and naming. A classification theory is elaborate in that it defines how the characteristics or dimensions of a given phenomenon interrelated structurally. Naming theories describe the characteristics or dimensions of some phenomenon. The dimensions may be exclusive, overlapping, mutually exclusive or sequential. A classification theory can be mostly referred to as taxonomies or typologies. A descriptive theory is tested and generated by descriptive research. This research usually referred to as explanatory research. Explanatory research specifically directed towards knowing the existing characteristics of the real world relative to the question being researching upon. A descriptive may or may not use an empirical method. Non empirical methods include historic and philosophic inquiries. Philosophic inquiries classify and describe phenomena through critical discussion. Moreover, historical research directed towards the description of phenomena that occurred at an earlier time (Harlow, 2011). A descriptive study employing the empirical method involves observation of a phenomenon in its natural setting. Data gathered by a participant or a non participant observation, as well as by structured interview schedule, questionnaires or by open ended. The raw data gathered in a descriptive study may be quantitative or qualitative. Quantitative data usually analyzed by various parametric or non parametric measures of central tendency and variability. Qualitative data may be analyzed by a means of content analysis. This technique sorts data into a priori category or into a category that emerge during the analysis (Kerlinger, & Lee, 2000). Empirical- descriptive research involves surveys, ethnographies, case studies and phenomenological studies. A case study is a systematic and intensive investigation of many factors for a group, a community or a small number of individuals. Surveys yield accurate and factual descriptions of an intact phenomenon. Surveys use structured instruments fo r collecting data although open ended questions may be included in the instrument (Harlow, 2011). The method of grounded theory yields a description of social situations and processes in those social situations. Every piece of data constantly compares with every other piece in order to discover the dominant social processes that characterize the phenomenon under study. Ethnography yields a theory of cultural behavior for a

The Burden of the Current Unemployment Insurance Program on Small Essay

The Burden of the Current Unemployment Insurance Program on Small Businesses and Possible Alternatives - Essay Example Instead, they want to pay more for the employees' salaries and wage protection. The business cost rising from the payment of tax towards unemployment compensation will have to recoup by the business firm through its business and actually the consumers bear the tax burden of the firm. The tax rate of unemployment insurance is based on the stability in working of the firms. A company with stable employment history will get deduction in tax rate. An employer is held liable for paying towards unemployment insurance in case he has quarterly payroll of $1500 or more in a calendar year. "The tax rate for new employers is .0270 (2.7 percent). The first $7,000 in wages paid to each employee during a calendar year is taxable. Any amount over $7,000 for the year is excess wages and is not subject to tax. Excess wages can never be greater than gross wages."1 According to the Federal Unemployment Tax Act establishment and administration of the Unemployment Compensation Program is carried on mutually by the state and federal governments. Thus there exist dual system of state and federal in the tax program and the, payments of the employer towards payroll taxes is levied by both the state and federal governments. The rate of payment towards unemployment taxes by employees is on the basis of established tax rates and the history of employers work stability. Thus employers having a history of greater unemployed workers would have to pay more towards the unemployment compensation tax. In case the business owner is compelled to lay off his business for military service, the resulted unemployment to workers would lead to count as a higher unemployment rate in the firm and thus the tax rate payable by the employer will be higher. Similarly if the employees took leave from their jobs for military service then also firms work history will be shown as higher unemployment rate and thus also the tax rate will be increased. In case workers who refrain from job for joining with their transferred military spouse have the legal right to receive unemployment compensation. Thus the employer wants to pay for their non working employees even though job is exist there. In some states the employers are not chargeable for the workers' leave for military service and thus it does not taken for calculating its tax rate. However the workers have the right to receive unemployment compensation and this is charged from the unemployment compensation fund of the state. Thus the actual cost of workers compensation is paid by the employer as a socialized cost and this will lead to increase the overall state unemployment tax rate. 2 Complicated tax regulations is causing firms to indulge in unnecessary law suits with high cost and this will always prevent establishing new business. Along with this higher rate of workers compensation and unemployment insurance has lead to increasing the labor cost of firms. In Florida there employ tort reform for reducing the burden of employers. Joint and several liability rate reductions are followed in workers unemployment compensation insurance. Small businesses are seriously affected by the workers compensation insurance. Majority of the burden of the rising tax rate is always comes to small businesses. Due to shortfalls in state regulation relating to compensation insurance the small business are required to bear a major portion of the UC fund. The working cost such as regulatory costs and tax payments are always becoming

What the Number of Cars Will Be in the Future Essay Example for Free

What the Number of Cars Will Be in the Future Essay With the development of society and improvement of economic conditions, more and more families have the ability to afford cars. But what the number of cars will be in the future? Is it safe to reach the conclusion that there will be fewer cars in use than there are today in 20 years? In my opinion, its possible and the reasons are as follows. Just imagine which of the following two worlds you would prefer: Option one is that you are living in a place where the sky is grey and the river is yellow. Every day you have to breathe the air with many harmful fumes. Option two is that the environment you live is beautiful. There are many trees and flowers around the lake. You can listen to the birds singing in the sky and watch fish swimming in the lake. Wouldnt you feel more comfortable and more enjoyable if you choose option two? Nowadays, more and more people begin to realize that the waste fume from the car exert bad influence on the environment and thus take many actions to limit the number of cars, such as taking subway instead of driving a car. Therefore, there will be fewer cars in use in the near future. Besides the improving concern of environmental protection, the reduction of the number of cars is also from the increasing number of old people. For instance, my family had 2 cars in the past, one belonged to my dad and one belonged to my grandpa. As the increasing of age, my grandpa felt that he could no long have the energy to drive a car. So he sold his car and now my family share one car. Nowadays, the entire world is entering an aging era. Hence, more and more old people will not be able to drive a car and the number of cars will come down. Whats more, the government may also play a role in assistance to the reduction of cars. Because of the frequency happening of the traffic jam. To sum up, because of the improvement concern of environmental protection and the becoming older of the population, I believe that there will be fewer cars in use in 20 years.

Buchi Emechetas The Joys of Motherhood as an African Feminist Text Ess

Buchi Emecheta's The Joys of Motherhood as an African Feminist Text Upon my first reading of Buchi Emecheta's The Joys of Motherhood, I immediately rejoiced--in this novel, I had finally encountered an account of a female protagonist in colonial and postcolonial African life. In my hands rested a work that gave names and voices to the silent, forgotten mothers and co-wives of novels by male African writers such as Chinua Achebe. Emecheta, I felt, provided a much-needed glimpse into the world of the African woman, a world harsher than that of the African male because woman is doubly marginalized. As a female in Africa, the opposite of male, woman suffers sexual oppression; as an African, the opposite of white in an ever-colonized nation, the African woman also suffers racial oppression. Nnu Ego, Emecheta's protagonist, became at once for me the poster female of Africa, a representative of all subjugated African women, and her story alerted me to all the wrongs committed against African women, wrongs that could only be righted through feminist discours e. As with many surface readings I have performed as a student of literature, however, my perspective on The Joys of Motherhood began to evolve. First, I realized and accepted Nnu Ego's failure to react against oppressive forces in order to bring about change for herself and the daughters of Africa; I consoled myself, reasoning that the novel still deserves the feminist label because it calls attention to the plight of the African woman and because its author and protagonist are female. Rereading the novel, however, also triggered the silencing of my initial response. I focused on such passages as the dying wish of Ona, Nnu Ego's mother, who implored Agbadi, Nnu Ego's father, ... ...econd African Writers Conference, Stockholm, 1986. Ed. Kirsten Holst Petersen. Upsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, 1998. 173-202. ---. The Joys of Motherhood. New York: George Braziller, 1979. Nnoromele, Salome C. "Representing the African Woman: Subjectivity and Self in The Joys of Motherhood." Critique 43.2 (2002): 178-190. Ogundipe-Leslie, Molora. "The Female Writer and Her Commitment." Women in African Literature Today. Ed. Eldred Durosimi Jones. Trenton, N.J.: Africa World Press, 1987. 5-14. Okeke, Phil E. "Reconfiguring Tradition: Women's Rights and Social Status in Contemporary Nigeria." Africa Today 47.1 (2000): 49-63. Schipper, Mineke. "Mother Africa on a Pedestal: The Male Heritage in African Literature and Criticism." Women in African Literature Today. Ed. Eldred Durosimi Jones. Trenton, N.J.: Africa World Press, 1987. 35-53.

Tesco Company Profile

The company has also established a strong customer base by effectively utilizing the information held within their systems by leveraging the concept of Customer Relationship Marketing. Alongside, the company has effectively performed the process of data mining through directly analysing the information from the EPOS (Electronic Point of Sale) Systems installed in their shop floors so as to identify the potential customers and enter new target markets and business segments. The implementation of the file maker systems in line with their point of sale systems to produce store specific adverts and promotion banners has apparently leveraged the company an edge over its competitors in the supermarket chain. The online shopping system TESCO WEBSITE In the light of the above argument, an insight into the TESCO website reveals the following results. The company has a highly structured website that has classified its products efficiently based on the departments and then provided a two stage categorisation for identifying the actual product itself. The two stages of categorisation are achieved by the providing a short list of hyperlinks under a selected category so as to enable the customer to view the products. The website also provides an interactive help system that efficiently guides a new user to quickly get accustomed to the online shopping process in order to encourage the customers to shop online. Apart from the easy to navigate system and the help provided online, the company has also established a dedicated call centre service especially to attend to the queries of the online shoppers including support on completing an order as well as serving the customer queries on existing orders and deliveries. Alongside, the feature of reserving a delivery schedule before starting the shopping process itself makes it further easier for the customer to decide on the products to prioritise on the order placed. This provides an additional benefit of gaining customer satisfaction as well as a second to none service in the online shopping system to the customers. The aforementioned statements further justify that the TESCO Plc has apparently gained competitive advantage in the electronic commerce mode of retailing in the supermarket chain segment of the retail sector in the UK. Alongside, the company has not only established the online transaction system for the sale of its retail products but for cross selling of its other services including DVD rental, finance and other services. This complete existence of the company over the Internet has apparently proved successful in gaining competitive advantage in the market. The above analysis has proved that TESCO Plc has leveraged competitive advantage through strategically deploying the electronic commerce system in its website and conducting transactions quickly in order to provide timely delivery of the products and services. The research conducted so far is based on the secondary information resources and hence to derive on a concrete solution, a primary research in the form of questionnaire is carried out. The next chapter provides a critical overview of the research methodology and the scope

Challenges of Single Parenting - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1653 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/06/26 Category Society Essay Level High school Topics: Single Parent Essay Did you like this example? Single parenting unfortunately became a very common predicament. Approximately 40% of American children come from â€Å"broken homes† (Feigelman Finley, 2004). Single parenting usually occurs with negative life events such as a divorce or a traumatic loss (Bernier, Danet Miljkovitch, 2012). As a single parent, raising children is known to cause many problems and difficulties. Adjustment can be very challenging and can thus, result in dysfunctional children (Feigelman Finley, 2004). Raising children is a very challenging experience. There are many difficult issues and intense life decisions that need to be made. These decisions and issues can be very tedious and burdensome especially for a single parent. Single parents have all the responsibilities on their shoulder, such as financial obligations (Feigelman Finley, 2004). They are usually the sole supporters (Feigelman Finley, 2004). Sometimes they have to take on more than one job just so it can sufficiently support the family. This causes the single parents not to be available for their children’s needs. The children needs may need academic or social assistance, which is very crucial. This can cause a strain on single parents and the children especially if there is a divorce or a custody battle (Feigelman Finley, 2004). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Challenges of Single Parenting" essay for you Create order Discipline is another area where single parents have difficulty. Coming from a â€Å"broken home† can cause many negative and harmful effects on children (Feigelman Finley, 2004). Research has shown that children with single parents have a higher criminal participation rate, greater use of substance abuse, violence, depression, academic problems and low self-esteem as compared to children with both parents (Feigelman Finley, 2004). The input and assistance of both parents are necessary when raising children. Although, there are variables that minimizes the negative outcomes, such as children’s age, financial status, and demographics, however, there are still hurtful results that are rampant (Feigelman Finley, 2004). Often adjustments are needed when coming from a single parent home. The children need to become accustomed to a certain way of life. There may be just enough money for life necessities, such as food, shelter, clothing and little or no money left for luxuries the children may want in order to keep up with their friends. This can cause resentment. Another burden is that the household duties such as, cooking, laundry and cleaning needs, are to be done at the same time as assisting children with homework and other children care. Although, this maybe the routine in every household but single parents have to face these responsibilities alone. In order for single parents to feel less overwhelmed and stressed, help of extended family is needed (Cuellar, Forehand, Jones Parent, 2013). A wider inclusion of family members breeds the health and well-being of youth and reduces the pressure on the parents (Cuellar, Forehand, Jones Parent, 2013). Another adult or family member should be included to coordinate child rearing responsibilities (Cuellar, Forehand, Jones Parent, 2013). When single parents receive more support they experience fewer conflicts with children and a rise in positive behaviors. Usually a grandparent or a father’s involvement in children’s lives has a major impact and positive effect on the children. It releases family tension and helps the family system cope (Cuellar, Forehand, Jones Parent, 2013). A single parent may find it too difficult to fulfill all roles of parenting. They need to nurture the child, be a role model and provide daily care that is often done as a partnership of two parents (Cuellar, Forehand, Jones Parent, 2013). Co-parenting is a parenting technique that can aid the single parents in providing and fulfilling the roles of parenting (Cuellar, Forehand, Jones Parent, 2013). The co-parent should be an individual the parent and children can trust and respect (Cuellar, Forehand, Jones Parent, 2013). In order for a single parent to be successful they must be very involved in their child’s life (Cuellar, Forehand, Jones Parent, 2013). They should be committed every moment and offer a lot of attention. Single parents need to provide security and a stable home. When the foundation of the home is disturbed it creates an increase in the children’s attachment towards the parents (Bernier, Danet Miljkovitch, 2012). This is because if a negative life events such as a divorce or a traumatic loss (Bernier, Danet Miljkovitch, 2012), occurs, the children will experience a separation from one parent and are therefore afraid of another separation with the other parent (Bernier, Danet Miljkovitch, 2012). This impact causes the children to be extremely attached to the parent (Bernier, Danet Miljkovitch, 2012). The childrenare faced with stress and anxiety. When a small separation transpires the children may result in a behavioral reaction towards the separation. The single par entmay find it difficult to go out with friends, and socialize with their peers. Their children feel a strong attachment with the parent that the children don’t want to be left home alone. They feel less secure, thus causing anxiety in the parent-child relationship. Having a strong attachment is an unhealthy relationship. The parent needs â€Å"me time† and to do things they enjoy. They need to unwind and have leisure time in order to be recharged. They need to go to the gym, pamper themselves and be around adults in their age group in order to feel satisfied with themselves. Once the parent feels content it gives them the energy and patience to handle the pressures and challenges of single parenting. If the children have extreme attachment and the single parents feels stuck, it may cause resentment and animosity. The parents can experience a â€Å"burn out†, feel frustrated and lose her/his temper easily. For their own mental health and well-being the single pa rents should incorporate a separate routine and explain to the children that this will not interfere with their relationship or diminish their love. Another obstacle a single mother might have with a son is providing male role model (Bernier, Danet Miljkovitch, 2012). Boysneed someone to identify with for guidance; therefore, she should encourage a relationship with an uncle or a grandfather (Bernier, Danet Miljkovitch, 2012). All single parents have full custody of their children and the parents reside with them (Bernier, Danet Miljkovitch, 2012). Usually mothers are given custody since they are the primary caretaker for their children (Bernier, Danet Miljkovitch, 2012). However, in certain situations, when the mother is unfit or deceased,the father will have custody. When fathers are the single parent it is usually more challenging. Mothers are the ones who have the nurturing role and take care of the children (Bernier, Danet Miljkovitch, 2012). The fathers have to work extra hard to fill the void of a mother, a role that is unnatural for them. On the other hand, mothers also may have their share of difficulties. They need to juggle all her responsibility and therefore they expect extra assistance from their children (Bernier, Danet Miljkovitch, 2012). A single parent will require more involvement in care taking and household duties. The children will have designated chores to do and more responsibil ities (Bernier, Danet Miljkovitch, 2012). The children have to become more mature and understanding (Bernier, Danet Miljkovitch, 2012). They can no longer be frivolous children and must grow up quickly into adulthood (Bernier, Danet Miljkovitch, 2012). Single parents are sometimes lacking the emotional support that is provided by the other parent, and therefore may turn to the children for emotional support and be at risk for parentification (Bernier, Danet Miljkovitch, 2012). They look upon the children to fill the vacant parental role and to satisfy their needs for comfort in times of stress. They may be more likely to use their children as a confidant to unburden themselves. Instead of parenting their children the roles become reversed (Bernier, Danet Miljkovitch, 2012). They begin to treat the child as a friend or an equal and expect them to be emotionally understanding of their situation. Parentification can occur even at a young age. The children need a strong sense of stability from their parent, and to know they can be relied on in a time of need (Bernier, Danet Miljkovitch, 2012). When this is not provided it can lead to stress and anxiety. In result the parent will need to deal with behavioral problems and other issues (Bernier, Danet Miljkovitch, 2012). The children should not be used as pawns or as sounding boards (Bernier, Danet Miljkovitch, 2012). Often when a single parent is raising a child he/she may feel insecure or a failure (Bernier, Danet Miljkovitch, 2012). They feel inadequate compared to other parents because they cannot offer the same comfort. They are at the scrutiny of others and often given unsolicited advice (Bernier, Danet Miljkovitch, 2012). People might assume because they are parenting alone they are lacking the knowledge on raising children (Bernier, Danet Miljkovitch, 2012). They may feel anxious in their parenting skills in case they slip up and be declared an unfit parent there by losing their children (Bernier, Danet Miljkovitch, 2012). They must be on their guard all the time and make sure they put up a good front for the public (Bernier, Danet Miljkovitch, 2012). Single parents encounter many challenges. The major challenges are disciplining their children, financial responsibility and providing a warm and loving home. Children from single parent homes also have disciplinary and behavior problems for their caretaker to deal with. The parents need to include the help of the others and provide a secure and stable environment. They also need to find time to take care of themselves for their own health and being. References Bernier, A, Danet, M Miljkovitch, R, (2012). Intergenerational transmission of attachment representations in the context of single parenthood in frace. Journal of family psychology, 5, 784-792. doi: 10.1037/a0029627. Retrieved from Mercy College library on February 22, 2015. Cuellar, J, Forehand, R, Jones, D.J Parent, J, (2013). The role of coparents in African American single-mother families:the indirect effect of coparent identity on youth psychosocial adjustment. Journal of family psychology,2,252-262. doi:10.1037/a0031477. Retrieved from Mercy College library on February 22, 2015. Feigelman, W Finley, G.E, (2004). Youth problems among adoptees living in one-parent homes: a comparison with others from one-parent biological families. American journal of orthopsychiatry, 3, 305-315. doi: 10.1037/0002-9432.74.3.305.Retrieved from Mercy College library on February 22, 2015.

the dozens - definition and examples of playing the dozens

Definition: A game of put-downs: the rapid, ritualistic exchange of insults, often targeting family members. The rhetorical contest of playing or shooting the dozens (also known as capping, ranking, and sounding) is most commonly practiced by young African-American males.In The Dilemma of African-American English Identity, Kofi Dorvlo notes that a careful examination of the dozens reveals African language influence on AAE which is hard to ignore (Identity Meets Nationality, 2011). See Examples and Observations, below. African-American Vernacular EnglishBdelygmiaCursingFlytingHyperboleInvectiveName-CallingSignifying Examples and Observations: Your mamas so FAT, after she got off the carousel, the horse limped for a week.Mos rebuttal: Your mamas so skinny, she can hula-hoop through a Froot Loop.Your mamas so FAT, her blood type is Ragu.Mos rebuttal: Your mamas so skinny, she looks like a mic stand.Your mamas so FAT, instead of 501 jeans she wears 1002s.Mos rebuttal: Your mamas so skinny, she turned sideways and disappeared.Your mamas so FAT shes not on a diet shes on a triet. What yall eating? Ill try it.Mos rebuttal: Your mamas so skinny, I gave her a piece of popcorn and she went into a coma.Your mamas so FAT, when she jumped in the air she got stuck.Mos rebuttal: Your mamas so skinny, you could blindfold her with dental floss.(Monique Imes and Sherry A. McGee, Skinny Women Are Evil: Notes of a Big Girl in a Small-Minded World. Atriz, 2004) A Game of InsultsThe dozens is usually played by two young black males, often surrounded by an interested and encouraging audience of peers in which the players insult and provoke eac h other with put-downs of each others mother or other female family members. This process teaches one to take insults in stride while encouraging verbal retorts. . . . The dozens is played more often and more intensely in urban ghettos where frustrations are greater and the strategies of the ghetto are appropriate in a zero-sum game; neither player really wins. The dozens works when the players share a common ethnicity, a degree of connectedness, and acceptance of the activity for what it is--a game (Bruhn and Murray, 1985).(John G. Bruhn, The Sociology of Community Connections. Kluwer Acacademic/Plenum, 2005) A Rite of PassageAlan Dundes found that the social and artistic are infused in the Afrodiasporic practice of the dozens, which he notes functions both as an assertion of masculinity and as a rite of passage for the secular mastery of words. The dozens not only establishes a framework for verbal creativity; children also use them to determine a social hierarchy. A good dozens p layer not only cooly withstands merciless insults to his family; he also twists memorized insults quickly to suit the opponent at hand.(Ali Colleen Neff, Let the World Listen Right: The Mississippi Delta Hip-Hop Story. University Press of Mississippi, 2009) An InoculationWhile retaining the form and spirit of the West African original, African-American dozens has elaborated the witty one-liners into complex verbal war games involving huge armories and modes of attack and defense undreamt of in the homeland. It is a case of Darwinian adaptation for survival of the species in the killing jungles of slavery and racism. The mother remains the central figure. By learning to deal with verbal abuse of her, the modern black youngster learns to endure the historical, real-life abuse. It is as if the system is inoculated with virtual (verbally imagined) strains of the virus, thereby gaining immunity and new health in spite of the reality on the ground.(Onwuchekwa Jemie, Yo Mama! New Raps, Toa sts, Dozens, Jokes, and Childrens Rhymes From Urban Black America. Temple University Press, 2003) Also Known As: sounding, signifying, ranking, capping, hiking, snapping, playing the dozens